GCC economies and their role in the world economy Research Paper

GCC economies and their role in the world economy - Research Paper Example The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) was formed on May 26, 1981. The GCC is an organization specifically formed to unite the Arab oil producing countries. Its major operation angle is to the southern regions of Asian continent. GCC is made up of six active Arabian countries that involve the Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain and Qatar. However, some new applications for membership have been received from other oil producing Arabian countries like Jordan and Morocco. The objectives of GCC are to unite the member states with the aim of harmonizing quotas of oil in the world market. The members have several factors in common among them religion, political structures, climatic conditions and natural resources. The organization also seeks to coordinate and promote economic productivity of the member states (Mohammed, 2011). The organization also intends to boost education, healthcare, employment and trade among the member states. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia in the views of Mohammed (2011) forms four-fifths of the entire GCC. Besides being a member of the GCC, Saudi Arabia is also a member of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Saudi Arabia has been voted the world’s largest oil reserve among the OPEC and the GCC member states. In fact, oil production is the backbone of all the economic sectors in Saudi Arabia. Estimates indicate that a third of the total oil produced by the OPEC comes from Saudi Arabia (Mohammed, 2011). Oil production in Saudi Arabia on a daily basis estimates at around 10 million barrels. As a result of massive oil reserves that infiltrate money to the country, Saudi Arabia enjoys a diversified economy with plenty of production industries that have offered jobs to its citizens and the world population in general. The oil sector has contributed to the development of various industries such as petrochemicals, fertilizers and steel manufacturing industries that boosted the export products of the country. Mohammed (2011) adds that Saudi Arabia has excelled in the production of dates and even becoming the world’s best producer of dates. Saudi Arabia also has expanded fishing grounds and a lot of money has been ventured to modernize and promote sea fishing activities. In 1998, OPEC slashed Saudi Arabia’s global supply quota to 8 million barrels per day. The imposition of the quota led to significant fall on the country’s total income. Telecommunications investment (% revenues) in Saudi Arabia In the reports of World Bank, telecommunication investments revenue in Saudi Arabia reached 84.12% in 2008. Telecommunication investments are expenditures associated with purchasing the ownership of telecommunication equipment infrastructures including land, building, labor and computer software. Source; Trading Economics, 2011 Current statistics in the world oil market show that Saudi Arabia has much potential to increase its oil injection by additional 2.5 million barrels a day (Daya, 2011). Such an injection can boost oil supply in the world market and even ease the world energy crisis. Oil

Human beings Essay Example for Free

Human beings Essay As human beings, we sometimes wonder why some things are the way they are. These questions come as a result of us being curious about what is around us. Man has to be aware of himself and his immediate environment. Generally, one of the basic characteristic of human beings is self-awareness and self-discovery. Man finds himself doing some things and wonders why he is doing such things the way he/she is doing them. Thus, in order for man to function properly in his society, he must understand some things about himself in order to unlock the mystery behind his behavioral pattern. This becomes important because self-discovery is the only way to understand one’s place or position in the universe. Personally, I have sought to know how my life fits into my environment. For one, I believe that things don’t just happen and that man is not just created to fill an empty space. This has made me embark on a quest to understand what the world actually is and how I fit into this mysterious world. I am a proponent of the purposeful universe and I believe, as opposed to the idea of Charles Darwin, that the world is essentially created to fulfill a purpose and that it is part of a â€Å"master plan†. Therefore whatever happens in this life, as I believe, is to fulfill a purpose and come from intent. The question here is who is the purposed the world and who is the master planner? In her book titled, The Hidden Heart of the Cosmos†, Brian Swimme maintained that the world is not a series of puzzle but an amazing mystery that shows the presence of God in each passing phase. This essentially deviates from the theory of evolution. For Brian, we as humans are at the center of the universe and our discovery of this fact will determine make us appreciate the world we live in the more. He believes that not only is the universe a work of the divine, it is also supported by the will of the divine. Therefore, we will be making a categorical mistake by conceiving that things or occurrences in the world are merely a product of chance. From my point of view, I think that Brian Swimme has a point. This is because some things can not be explained from the point of Darwinism. For instance, as a child, I have always wondered which came first between the chicken and the egg. If eggs hatches into chickens and chickens lay eggs, then which one will we say came first? Although science can be credited for a lot of things that they have sought real explanations to, there are some things that transcend scientific explanation. This is accounted for in the thought of Huston Smith. In his book titled â€Å"Why Religion Matters; The Fate of the Human Spirit in an Age of Disbelief†, he claims that scientism has taken over all spheres of our lives and we will be committing a mistake if we believe that its explanations are the only valid explanations. I believe that the world is a masterpiece and it is sustained by the master planner – the silent onlooker who sees and sustains the universe with his power and in his might. Furthermore, I believe that since the world is created for a specific purpose, then man as an integral part of this universe is also created for a purpose, which is to be the representative of the divine here on earth. Consequently, this should make us pursue some values that will facilitate the purpose of the divine in this world. I believe that the divine has given man the power to make choices but that power should be tailored towards the achievement of the divine purpose. Liberty, as I believe, is not the right to do what we â€Å"want† but we are at liberty so that we can do what we â€Å"have to do†. As a result of these, I live with the consciousness of the fact that I have to fulfill my purpose. Personally, I believe that we as humans should value the equality of humanity and should treat each man as Immanuel Kant said; we should treat each man as an end in themselves and never as a means to an end. I believe that we should strive for whatever will be considered virtuous by the divine. As human beings, we must seek to value each other by being truthful and faithful to one another. This, for me, is the greatest form of respect that we can give one another. Reference: Huston Smith, â€Å"Why Religion Matters; The Fate of the Human Spirit in an Age of Disbelief† Harper Collins 2001 ISBN 0-06-067102-5, 14. 95 Brain Swimme â€Å"The Hidden Heart of the Cosmos†, Orbis, 1996 (1999, ISBN 1570752818)

Marketing Mix Strategy Of The Kenya Tourist Board

Marketing Mix Strategy Of The Kenya Tourist Board The Kenya Tourist Board will develop a good marketing mix strategy to attract target customers from Asian tourism market. The marketing mix will encompass 4Ps analysis that includes tailored tour packages, pricing strategies, well-designed service channels and promotion programs. Kenya is positioned as a unique and attractive holiday destination that people would like to visit. Kenya tourist Board will coordinate with travel agencies, local organizations, airplane companies, and service operators to ensure tourists have an excellent and unforgettable experience when they are visiting Kenya. The Kenya Tourist Board will plan its tour such that tourists obtain satisfactions from all touch points of services. Tourists feedback will be very important for the board to review and adjust its strategies. Kenya is well established as a leading safari destination with unique wildlife attractions in the western market. The Kenya Tourist Board will continue to provide and improve safari tour as its core product to Asian tourism market. Major safari attractions such as the Great Migration, the Big Five and Maasai Mara Reserve namely the new Seventh Wonders of the World will be focused on and promoted to Asian tourists. The Kenya Tourist Board will also plan and design special safari tours targeting at high-income earners who are willing to pay special prices to luxury activities such as balloon safari and game viewing. In recent years, Asian countries are becoming more interested in business opportunities in Africa. As the commercial center for East Africa with good facilities and hotels, Kenya is well positioned to attract MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions). The Kenya Tourist Board will work with business organizations and companies to attract and promote conference and business events to Asian countries. The Kenya Tourist Board will plan beach and resort tour packages targeting mainly to business and family holiday tourists who tend to travel in large group size. The tourists will relax and experience the paradise of Kenya beach and shores. The tourists may choose to lay back and enjoy themselves or go out and explore Kenyas unique coastal culture. British Prince William and Kate Middleton were engaged in Kenya in November 19, 2010. This is a good change for the Kenya Tourist Board to promote and boost Kenya tourism. The engagement has worldwide publicity that will enhance Kenyas profile as a romantic holiday destination. The publicity will continue into year 2011 when the wedding will be held. The Kenya Tourist Board will promote Kenya as a romantic holiday destination to Asian tourism market along with this romance. The Kenya Tourist Board will design pricing strategy carefully because of high-competition in tourism industry from many countries and places. The board will communicate with agencies to make sure that Kenya tour package price is affordable to Asian middle-class tourists. The board will ensure that tour agencies could operate with profit, and at the same time they will not over-charge customers. Since Asian tourism market is new market for Kenya tourism, the Kenya Tourist Board will start with good promotion price to attract more tourists from Asia. Since Kenya is remote country to Asia, information availability to Asian tourists is vital for promoting Kenya tourism in Asia. The Kenya Tourist Board will set up operation offices in major Asian cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, New Delhi, and Tokyo etc. The board will collaborate with Asian local travel agencies to promote Kenya tourism to potential customers. The Kenya Tourist Boards headquarter in Nairobi will serve as main office and coordinate the operations of offices in Asian cities. The Magical Kenya is the official Kenya travel and tourism web site owned by the Kenya Tourist Board. The web pages describe attractions and provide travel guide to tourists in English and other languages including Japanese. The Kenya Tourist Board will translate the web pages into Chinese and Korean so that the board will reach Asian customers more effectively since China and Korean are the leading Internet users in the world. Promotion strategies will be discussed in details in marketing communication strategy section. Marketing Communication Strategy The Kenya Tourist Board will develop and implement marketing communication strategy for Asian tourism market. The marketing communication strategy is to focus on brand development, Internet marketing, partnership, advertisement and promotion. Brand Development In todays competitive and crowed tourism market, it is essential for Kenya to create a strong brand identity to differentiate itself from competitors. The brand image should bring not only physical experience but also emotional feelings in customers mind. Kenya is potentially one of the strongest brands in Africa for its unique African wild life and diverse landscape. However, currently Kenya is not a strong and well-known holiday brand in Asian tourism market. The Kenya Tourist Board will ensure to establish a consistent brand image of Kenya to Asian tourists through different communication channels. Internet Marketing Internet is cost-effective and easy way to reach mass customers. Many tourists especially high-educated and high-income ones search information on the Internet when planning holiday trips. The Kenya Tourist Board will make sure of Internet medias and tools effectively to promote Kenya tourism. The board will translate Magical Kenya web site into Asian languages and keep on improving the web site. The Kenya Tourist Board will sponsor Internet users to set up forums, blogs, twitters and facebooks of Kenya tourisms. Emails and newsletters with Kenya tourism news and information will be sent daily to registered users. The Kenya Tourist Board will encourage tourists to tell their stories of Kenya by giving free gifts or prizes. The Kenya Tourist board will also collect tourists feedback from Internet to improve its services and products. Partnership The marketing communication strategy and plan will not be successful without considering local culture. To conquer communication barrier, the Kenya Tourist Board will establish partnership with local agencies, companies and government organizations. The Kenya Tourist Board will collaborate with Asian government organizations to organize road shows or events like Kenya Week to promote Kenya tourism industry. The Kenya Tourist Board will help local agencies to train local staff to service customers more effectively. Advertisement and Promotions The Kenya Tourist Board will advertise and promote Kenya tourism from all touch points. The Kenya tourism magazines and brochures will be placed in Kenya Airways planes, major Asian airports and travel agencies. The Kenya tourism will be advertised on newspaper, magazine, Google web and TV program. The promotion prices will be offered to customers on Asian holidays such as National day, Chinese New Year etc.

Improving Quality of Life for HIV Sufferers

Improving Quality of Life for HIV Sufferers Introduction It is esteemed that over thirty three million people in the world are living with HIV/AIDS, (WHO, 2009). The majority of people living with HIV are in developing countries, approximately 95% of the total. Sub-Saharan Africa has been hit especially hard. It is esteemed that nearly 70% of all HIV infected people live in this area and 90% of maternal-fetal transmission are occurring there. Compared with the adult transmission rate in developed countries which is lower than 1%, it is 8% in sub-Saharan Africa, (Boyle, 2000). New cases of HIV infection are reported every year and more and more people living with HIV are diagnosed AIDS as they get aged, (Vance, Struzick and Burrage, 2009). So far, there is no effective way to cure this disease. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) is the most effective way to treat people living with HIV. It significantly controls the virus load within patients bodies. It has been a great advance toward extending patients lifespan and improving their quality of l ife. Because of its therapeutic effect, many HIV positive people are able to live with this virus for many years. However, for many people, HIV/AIDS is still a stressful and demanding disease, (Van Dyk, 2007). On top of that, for many HIV infected people in developing countries, the cost of ART is prohibitively expensive. Poverty and a lack of resources are recognized as the most significant barriers which make caring for HIV-infected patients and effective prevention efforts virtually impossible in most developing countries, (Boyle, 2000). As social life is significantly effected in a negative way for this population by social stigma, life is only getting more difficult. People are afraid of being associated with HIV positive people due to two major seasons: A) the fear of being infected themselves; B) the discrimination surrounding the disease. Loneliness, helplessness and self-blame create a high suicidal ideation among HIV infected people. Therefore, they often need counseling a nd psychosocial support, (UNAIDS, 2008). There is a special sub-group of population that needs some extra attention: homosexual people. Research, (Kraaij, Van Der Veek, Garnefski, et al, 2008) shows that HIV infection rate among homosexual people is around thirty times higher than average. In addition, health equality is far from available for everyone. Most homosexual people have witnessed or experienced discrimination from heterosexual people, (Gonsiorek Weinrich, 1991, pp.15-20). This issue is much more severe in eastern countries due to the cultural background. Homosexual people may see HIV infection as blameworthy not only because of a self-protection motive but also because sexual risk reduction has been strongly promoted in the gay community. The relationship between sexual orientation an blame is anticipated, (Collins, 1994). No evidence shows that effective actions have been taken to stop highly risky behaviors which can cause HIV transmission, such as anal sex among men, drug abuse, et al. Statistics show that the estimated prevalence of past-5-year homosexual behavior among males was 6.2, 4.5 and 10.7 in the US, the UK and France, respectively. Similar or even higher prevalence was observed in other areas of the world, (Lau, Kim and Tsui, 2008). Therefore, new HIV infections are still taking place. Besides, prolonged lifespan of HIV infected people is also associated with more new HIV infections. Some qualitative studies may be able to reveal how being HIV infected and homosexual affects ones life. As Aggleton, Hart and Davies, et al., (1999), believed that social stigma is not equal throughout the world, and they argued being gay was a significant factor in migration for some. Homosexual people who cannot live a normal life in their home countries would like to leave for a foreign country where they can continue their lifestyles but have no relatives or close friends. It is potentially dangerous for their health status, especially after they are infected by HIV. The respond of a male interviewee from Brazil in their study is very strongly underpinning this point, you have to get married to leave the house. They (parent) see like if you are leaving the house its because youre not happy so you dont even have any need to talk to us any more, thats how they react. So we have to stay living with our parents so we cant have boyfriends. So that is why everyone leave the country In regard of friendship and social networks, homosexual people tend to be very limited in choosing friends. According to Aggleton, Hart and Davies, et al., (1999), gay people are very likely to have virtually exclusively gay friend and some only have a small mixture of friends of diverse sexuality. It suggests social stigma has negatively affected homosexual peoples socialization. In the UK, health policy surrounding sexual health of homosexual people is closely related to HIV epidemics. Department of Health promoted a ten year National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV, which aims at reducing the transmission of HIV and STDs, improving health and social care for people living with HIV, and reducing the stigma associated with HIV and STDs, (2001). However, according to James, it is failing to significantly reduce the transmission of STD or HIV and to improve health and life quality for HIV infected people, despite millions of funding has been invested for sexual health service over three years. New research is required to provide better solution, (James, 2009). Therefore, it is important to find out the good practices in improving life quality for homosexual people living with HIV, not only from a medical perspective, but also from a social and humanitarian perspective. Importance of systematic appraisal To my knowledge, previous studies have seldom touched this area. The few existing studies were focusing the effectiveness of one or two interventions. Therefore, they could not present all the good practices in a more systematic way. Looking through Cochrane Library, several systematic reviews have been conducted in relation with quality of life for people living with HIV, (see appendix). However, none of them is focusing on homosexual population. The special health need has not been fully addressed. The aim of this appraisal is to find the most effective ways to help homosexual people with HIV cope this severe disease and the stress associated, and to provide the best evidence to present the good practices to improve quality of life for the targeted population. Research question for this appraisal can be summarized as what are the best ways of improving life quality for homosexual people living with HIV. To be more specific, this question can be interpreted by several small and more details questions: 1) Besides medical treatment, what do homosexual people living with HIV need the most? 2) What are the biggest obscures for these people to have a good life? 3) What are the good practices that have been used in improving HIV positive peoples life quality? 4) What are the strengths and limits of there practices? 5) From what aspects can these practices be further improved? Systematic Review Methodology In order to answer these questions, a systematic review methodology will be applied. A systematic review of literature synthesizes the evidence which is found in previous literatures that used valid and reliable research methods to conduct the experiments, (Evans, 2002). It is one essential skill for health care providers to acquire to base policy decisions on the best available evidence, besides their knowledge of research methodology, (Jubb, 2002). Therefore, systematic review are extremely important for making new policies. Originally, systematic reviews would only include study design that applied randomized control trials, but it has changed through the time. Today all kinds of research design methodologies can be included in the review as long as they have policy relevance. It has been widely acknowledged of the value of including diverse research methodologies based on the fact that randomized control trials cannot answer the entire question needed for evidence. However, for this particular dissertation, the fully structured systematic review would not be used because A) it is an individual work instead of a team work; B) assess to existing literatures is limited due to the fund and time. I am going to use the systematic appraisal instead, which adopts the same methodology as systematic review but doesnt include all the existing literatures related to the topic. Conclusion of the chapter The importance of finding the best ways of improving life quality for HIV infected homosexual people has been addressed in this chapter. In order to reach this goal, a systematic appraisal will be conducted. By selecting and reviewing previous studies in this context, evidences will provided to identify the good practices and suggestions for future practice and policy making will be given. Chapter Two Literature Overview Introduction to the chapter In this chapter, several key literatures will be carefully selected and critically reviewed to find the emerging themes on the topic of HIV transmission and ways of improving quality of life for homosexual people living with HIV. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a clear context in which this appraisal will be done. It will also put this appraisal in a national and international health management context to show its importance against a broader backdrop. Databases Searched NORA (online searching vehicle of Northumbria University) is the key searching engine because it provides the access to core health related databases such as ASSIA, HSWE, Web of Knowledge, and PubMed, et al. Using searching key words, HIV/ADIS, Homosexual/gay, quality of life/life quality, on NORA and other databases respectively, more than sixty articles were selected. Only studies that were published in referee journals were selected. Selected studies were not limited methodologically, so broader understanding on the research topic will be obtained. Similarly, research population of each study was not limited in terms of location, ethnics, or social-economical status. Emerging themes arising from key literatures Key literatures surrounding HIV/AIDS and homosexuality and life quality were carefully selected and reviewed. Throughout the literatures, three emerging themes were found: impacts of HIV infection on peoples life; impacts of sexuality; previous researches on health care strategies. How does HIV infection impact on peoples life? A progressive loss of immune functioning, as a main characteristic of HIV disease, will cause opportunistic infection, (Bormann Aschbacher, et al., 2009). Immune system functioning can be negatively affected by elevated levels of cortisol, a marker of stress-related neuroendocrine activity with substantial immunosuppressive and modulatory capabilities, (Borghetti, Saleri, Mocchegiani, et al., 2009). It is just one major impact of HIV infection on peoples life, medical-wisely. However, more literatures addressed issues surrounding HIV transmission and its severe impacts from social-cultural perspectives. As Hansen, Vaughan, and Cavanaugh, et al. (2009) argued antisocial or borderline personality disorder is a common sign among people living with HIV, which can be regarded as a significant predictor of low health related quality of life, putting social support, grief severity and HIV symptoms into consideration. Both direct and indirect impacts of this predictor can effect on patients life quality. It is also responsible for continued risky sexual behavior, poor medical treatment adherence and severe disease progression, (Berg, Michelson Safren, 2007). This argument is in line with other studies, such like Moskowiz, Hult and Bussolari, (2009) who believed that people who are infected by HIV are much more vulnerable to mental disorder problems, because many aspects of HIV infection are potentially stressful, such as the fear of death, the need to adhere to complex medication regimens, side-effects of the treatment, interactions with a complex medical system, symptoms associated with disease progression, financial difficulties, stigma, and the need to incorporate a new identity as someone with a serious illness are all potential stressors associated with being HIV positive. All these stressors are not unique to HIV, but they are more aggressive in HIV epidemic, (Armistead Forehand, 1995). Hansen, Vaughan, and Cavanaugh, et al., (2009), also accentuated that HIV positive people who are bereaved by HIV related death of beloved ones, are particularly vulnerable to the complicated grief reactions. Mental health of this population is an urgent issue for health care and health management. Health issues surrounding HIV are different from individuals to individuals, taking nationality, ethnics, gender and other social factors into consideration. The major difference of HIV infection between people in developed countries and people in developing countries is with regard to income level, availability of sufficient nutrition and equal access to basic health service, (Mahlungulu, Grobler, Visser, et al., 2007). HIV/AIDS changes people life to a large extend, both physically and psychologically. When facing societal discrimination and other hardships related to HIV/AIDS, a strong and supportive family is one of the first lines of defense, (Bor, Miller Goldman, 1993). A qualitative study from China, (Li Wu, et al, 2006), found that family support had multiple levels of positive impact on HIV infected people. Support from family members helped people living with HIV make important decisions which were beneficial to their health status, such as taking virus load test and taking medication regularly. It also helped improve family relationship, because with family supports, people living with HIV gained hopes for their future and valued their families more and had a positive attitude toward life in general, (Manopaiboon, Shaffer Clark, 1998). With family support, many of the participants expressed positive attitudes and made positive changes in their lives. Family members persuaded several participants to be tested for HIV. One female participant explained how initially she did not want to take the HIV test and how her father convinced her to do so. (Li Wu, et al, 2006). A study in the United States also stressed the relation between HIV awareness and family support, (Persson, Gullberg, Hanson, et al, 1994). According to the study, HIV seropositivity awareness of family member is closely related to the support one can get after being infected. More awareness of the family members would bring more support generally. However, the reality shows, there is a preference of HIV serostatus disclosure target within the family. More mothers were disclosed to than fathers; sisters were more likely to be aware of ones HIV infection than brothers, (Mason, Marks Simoni, 1995). How does being homosexual impact on peoples life? Being homosexual apparently puts any individual into a sexual minority. Life can be much more complicated, considering legal right of marriage, social stigma and discriminations, thread from homophobic people, and many other factors, (Sullivan Schneider, 2004). Multiple sexual partners are one big issue that has been talked a lot. Halkitis, Moeller and Siconolfi, et al., (2004), addressed a special issue against this backdrop. They found the prevalence of crystal meth use among men who have sex with men has been shown to be twenty times higher than the general population. More importantly, it was closely related to an increased sexual risking taking by this population. Crystal meth augments an individuals sexual drive and allows users stay high for an extended period of time, which may increase the odds of multiple sexual encounters with many sexual partnersCondom use was inconsistent and some people never used condom while on crystal, (Mimiaga, Fair Mayer, et al., 2008). Besides the complicated lifestyle of homosexual people, health inequality puts them further to a marginalized area of the society. Cochran, and Mays, (2007) found that people from sexual minorities, such homosexuals, bisexuals, transgender and heterosexual people who had experienced sex with the same sex people, may have unrecognized disparities in general physical health that go beyond the conditions specifically associated with STDs among homosexually active people, compared with exclusively heterosexual individuals. These disparities may include a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, lung cancer as a possible consequence of higher rates of smoking, and a higher risk for diabetes among lesbians and bisexual women, (Roberts, Dibble and Nussey, et al., 2003). It shows though reported being in good physical and mental health, people who identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual oriented are more likely to be exposed to health problems. Sexual orientation minorities are more vulnerable to higher risk of common health issues and limitations, (Ayala Coleman, 2000). Higher levels of psychological distress among people of sexual orientation are also observed, compared with their heterosexual counterpart. Even within sexual orientation minority population, health issues are not equally distributed, (Prado, Pratt Feaster, et al., 2004). Johnson, Wadsworth and Wellings, et al., (1992), also agree with the above studies. According to their research, men who have sex with men are more likely to suffer from health problems as a result of poor access to health care services caused by health inequalities. They also mentioned homophobia is another factor which can cause emotional distress. It could cause incidences of suicide, bipolar psychiatric disorders and depression, (Sell, Wells Wypij, 1995). Psychological issue of being homosexual has also been discussed by Mao and Kidd et al (2009). They stated that major depression was strongly associated with socio-economic deprivation, interpersonal isolation and personal withdrawal as part of life equality for homosexual people. Sexual function contributed as one factor for mental well-being too. The vicious cycle between depression, stress and social exclusion should be highlighted in this context, (Choenarom, Williams Hagerty, 2005). Both HIV positive and HIV negative gay men are found to have high rates of major depression. It could be explained by the impacts of marginalization and discrimination experienced by gay men. Low acceptance of homosexuality by oneself, by significant others and by society as a whole may well predispose gay men to more stressful life events and fewer social and sexual opportunities at an earlier stage of life than men in general, (Mao Kidd, et al., 2009). What did previous research attempt to do? What have they achieved? According to Bormann and Aschbacher, et al., (2009), HIV infection has become a long-term disease that can be managed with medical care and support, rather than an immediate death causing disease, after the introduction and utilization of highly active antiretroviral therapy. However, the prolonged life expectancy doesnt guarantee the quality of life. As Liu and Ostrow, et al (2006), argued that a balance between improvements through diminished HIV-related morbidity and potential declines posed by its side effects was always observed as a net effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy in treating HIV infection and impacting on patients overall quality of life. After receiving the therapy, patients physical health well-being would further decrease with high effect sizes, though mental health would improve after longer treatment with small effect size, (Miners, Sabin Mocroft, et al., 2001). As stress is a big issue for HIV infected people, stress management natural becomes one key research area. In general, different coping and stress management therapies for adults living with HIV infection were found effective in reducing emotional distress including anxiety, depression, and psychological distress. These interventions also reduced fatigue and improved quality of life, (Carey Fielder, 2008). However, as Moskowiz, Hult Bussolari, (2009) concluded that little consistency across studies regarding coping strategies and types of outcomes could be found because the literature on coping with HIV is large and heterogeneous with respect to measures of coping, outcomes, and conclusions. Therefore, it is important to identify all copy strategies in regards of stress management for HIV infection and compare them to find out the best practices and the common features shared by all good practices. Besides stress management by patients themselves, social support was observes as another key element in health care for people living with HIV. Social support and support from families member seem to be more precious in some part of the world because they are harder to get due to the huge stigma and discrimination surrounding HIV epidemic and homosexuality. As Songwathana and Manderson, (2001) found that in Thailand, HIV infected people and their families were both afraid of disclosing their HIV seropositivity to the community because it would bring shame to the whole family. According to Li and Wu, (2006), it is similar in China. HIV/AIDS is always associated with over indulgent sexual intercourses, prostitution, and illegal drug abuse, all of which are considered as low moral status. The strong influence of culture in Asian countries makes it so hard for people living with HIV to seek for help and support. National and international context on health management Taking the UK for an example, Department of Health has promoted the strategy of sexual health and HIV nationwide. It is estimated that 30, 000 people in the UK are living with HIV, of who one third are not aware of their seropositivity. About 400 people die of HIV infection every year. The newly diagnosed HIV cases reached a new peak at the beginning for 21st century. Very noticeably, more HIV infect occurred among heterosexual population. However, sex between men still remains the major transmission route in the country. Combination therapy has improved the lifespan of people living with HIV. Unfortunately, it also provides the possibility of more new HIV infection cases. A survey targeted on gay men showed 58% guys under 20 did not use a condom when having sex with another man. Nearly half of HIV positive men have anal sex with a new partner not long time ago, and 40% of these people had unprotected sex with their partners. Highly active antiretroviral therapy is complex, prohibiti ve and extremely demanding on the patients. These patients may also be suffering from prejudice and social stigma. From a health management perspective, in order to promote HIV prevention and health care for HIV infected people, several actions will be taken by Department of Health in the UK. 1) continue to give a high priority to HIV prevention for gay men; 2) develop a national AIDS trust; 3) improve outreach services for people with undiagnosed HIV, particularly in targeted groups; 4) make sure HIV treatment and care services play a key role in HIV prevention by maintaining the sexual health of people living with HIV, diagnosing and treating STDs, reducing the transmission of HIV and providing information and advice, et al, (Department of Health, 2009). From a wider context, HIV is also a big concern of global epidemics. World Health Organization summarized in its bulletin that to manage global health in a more effective way in terms of HIV transmission, interventions must be targeted and they must be carried out in the right supportive environment. Thailand has set a good model for the rest, Close examination of the celebrated example of the 100% condom use campaign in Thailand shows its success to have depended on its being part of a package: HIV prevention became part of Thailands national sense of destiny, from the Prime Minister down. There was a nationwide debate on sexual mores, together with structural solutions such as regulation of the sex industry, intensive education, skills development and peer intervention with sex workers, and efforts targeting clients. World Health Organization As Piot and Seck, (2001) stated, it is also important to build synergies between prevention and health care. As the Declaration of Commitment adopted by the UN General Assembly recognized that prevention, care, support and treatment for those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS are mutually reinforcing elements of an effective response. Successful prevention and care build a common constituency for action. WHO also identified HIV-related stigma may well be the greatest obstacle to action against the epidemic, for individuals and communities as well as political, business and religious leaders. Therefore, defeating HIV related stigma is a key element in health care for people with HIV, (Piot Seck, 2001). Systematic appraisal arising from literature After reviewing relevant literatures, a need of a systematic appraisal which aims at finding the best ways of improving life quality for homosexual people living with HIV is emerging, because the impact of HIV infection and impact of being homosexual on peoples life are tremendous. Identifying good practices to improve life quality for this particular population is not only beneficial for the target group, but also will provide lots of inspiration for health care of other population. Conclusion of this chapter and link to next chapter In this chapter, key literatures surrounding HIV transmission and health care, life quality of homosexual people and people living with HIV, previous studies on HIV treatment and caring were carefully reviewed to identify the need of conducting this systematic appraisal. Details of how this appraisal will be done are explained in the next chapter. Chapter three: Methodology and Methods Introduction to the chapter In this chapter, the process of this systematic appraisal will be outlined, including explanation of research question in details, search theories and principles, literature searching strategy and vehicles, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and ethics concerns. A brief discussion of quantitative and qualitative research approaches will be conducted in a health management context. The purpose of this chapter is to explain how the public health studies were selected and how they were valid and reliable methodologically to provide evidence to answer the research question of this appraisal. Also explanation of inclusion/exclusion criteria will be given in this chapter. Qualitative and quantitative approaches in health sciences As Eriksson pointed, Public health needs to be evidence-based if it is to be done correctly, which means that learning and knowledge-production for public health must be comprehensive and include knowledge from four different domains: distribution of health, determinants or causal web, consequences, and intervention methods. Eriksson, 2000 To reach this goal, difference research methods have been applied. Generally, they can be put into two categories, namely, qualitative and quantitative. 1) Qualitative research Defined as a cover term for a variety of research traditions originating in philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and sociology that are epistemologically and methodologically similar,(Denzin Lincoln, 2005), qualitative research is based on an idealist philosophy, a subjective view that asserts that the world is known only through human beings perceptions, (Fawcett Alligood, 2003). Furthermore, qualitative research is regarded as a valid and important mode of scientific inquiry that generates distinctive nursing knowledge and complements the knowledge produced by quantitative research, (Fawcett Alligood, 2003). 2) Quantitative research According to Meadows, (2003), quantitative research is considered as the epitome of scientific research, which is focusing on hypothesis testing, reliability and validity. Quantitative research often involves experiment and survey. Typical quantitative experiment is randomized controlled trial, which regarded as the golden standard to provide evidence. Quantitative surveys are usually conducted by structured measures such as questionnaires and structured interviews, (Pool, Hiralal Ostelo, et al., 2010). The main strengths of qualitative research are its ability to examine the issue in detail and depth, the facts that it does not restrict the researchers to specific questions or lists and research framework and direction can be quickly revised as new information emerges, and its adaptability for use a wide range of subjects. However, in qualitative research, data are collected in a few cases or individuals. Research quality is heavily relied on the researchers skills. It takes more time to analyse and interpreter the data. Theres are the key limitations of qualitative research, (Patton, 1990). As the mainstay of traditional biomedical research, quantitative methods has been the gold standard for establishing the efficacy or applicability of a treatment or technique. However, there are frequently great difficulties pursuing this goalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ logistic, political, financial and ethical. Studies may be carried out using quantitative methods of less rigour, but the possibility of erroneous conclusions increases the further one moves from the classical prospective study, (Runciman, 2002). In fact, neither of the two research methodologies is perfect by itself. As Runciman, (2002), argued that quantitative and qualitative research are complementary; each provided the same information in the example chosen. A comparison of the two methodologies is seen in appendix. Each of them has its own strengths and limitations. As Eriksson (2000) said, The quantitative approaches need to be supplemented by more qualitative approaches. Evidence generated by such broader approaches gives excellent conditions for learning. To conduct this appraisal, I am searching for both qualitative and quantitative studies. By reviewing quantitative studies, I will be able to identify the existing problems and by reviewing qualitative studies, I will be able to build understanding of how the problems happen and how to solve them. HIV is an extremely complex health issue, as it is far more than a medical condition. Many other issues, such as social stigma, discrimination and psychological well-being, et al are closely related to HIV and people who are infected. Therefore, a mixed methodology is appropriate to be applied. As Rogers, Barton, and Pekarsky, et al., (2005) stated Two-way interaction occurred between themes arising from the qualitative and the quantitative analyses. This augmented and clarified the findings, and provided the integrated understanding needed to inform the larger debate about health care for marginalised groups. Explanation of research question in details HIV has been a global health threat for many years but so far there is no effective medication or therapy which can cure the disease or eliminate this virus. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the best way to improve the life quality for HIV patients as many new infected cases are reported every year.. As Shea, Grimshaw, and wells, et al (2007) said that a well conducted systematic review addresses a carefully formulated question by analyzing all available evidence, it is very important to form an explicit research question for this appraisal. The core research question of this appraisal is: What are the best ways to improve the life quality for homosexual people livin

Hamlet: Moral Order :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet: Moral Order In Shakespeare's Hamlet, a very clear moral order is established as the protagonist, Hamlet, completes his journey through the phases which define a Shakespearean tragedy. The play begins with Hamlet encountering his father's ghost, at which point he learns his father had in fact been murdered by his own brother, Claudius. It is Hamlet's wish to avenge his father that causes all other moral dilemmas in the play, and this is what defines the play's particular moral order: As the play progresses, the gravity and seriousness of Claudius sins lessen, and Hamlet's grow, although never reaching the moral plateau on which Claudius rests. In the beginning of the play, Hamlet is morally "in the right", always taking precautions to ensure this remains so. Claudius, on the other hand, not only murders Hamlet's father, but then plots to do away with Hamlet as soon as he feels threatened. As the play progresses, Hamlet continues attempting to right the original wrong, but only succeeds at the finish, with Claudius' death. Hamlet's words in Act III, Scene IV -- "thus bad begins, and worse remains behind" illustrate the moral order well; the actions against him were wrong, but, to a lesser extent, so was his revenge. Near the start of the play, The Ghost tells Hamlet of the crime committed by Claudius. When Hamlet finds out his father was murdered by his own brother, who then stole his wife and crown, he immediately commits himself to avenging the murder; "Haste me to know't, that I, with wings as swift/As meditation or the thoughts of love/May sweep to my revenge." At this point, Hamlet is completely justified in his feelings, and most would agree that his revenge is morally right. Although the act of murder itself is wrong, an "eye for an eye" almost wholly justifies it. The gravity of Claudius' crime grows when one considers that all the deaths throughout the play would not have come if it were not the murder. The crime itself is, in a sense, worse because of the circumstances; not a simple murder, but the murder of one's brother wholly for personal gain, his crown and queen. It is this which balances out any morally wrong actions Hamlet may take. Hamlet, on the other hand, begins the play as a very rational and intelligent man. Although it is shown he can be impulsive and rash, his rationality wins out - at least in the beginning of the play. When seeing his father's ghost, he unquestionably accepts all he hears as truth, but doesn't act on it until he can verify it in some way.

Benito Mussolini :: essays research papers

Benito Mussolini   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benito Mussolini was the founder of Italian Fascism and premier of Italy ruling as a dictator from about 1925 until his dismissal in 1943. Mussolini was born to a socialist blacksmith. As a child he was unruly and undisciplined. He shared his fathers views picking up other ideas from authors of the time. Mussolini became a schoolteacher and journalist. He spent several years in Switzerland and took Rachele Guidi as is wife, they had five children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1913 Mussolini became editor of the Milan Socialist newspaper Avanti! When World War 1 began in 1914 he first opposed Italy's involvement, until he changed his mind, saying that Italy should take a stand with the Allies. This got him expelled from the socialist party. He soon founded his own paper, Il popolo d'italia, which became the backbone of his Fascist movement. He then served in the Army until he was wounded in 1917.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1919 Mussolini and some other war veterans founded a nationalistic revolutionary group called the Fasci di Combattimento. His movement turned into powerful radicalism, obtaining support from landowners in the Po valley, industrialists, and many army officers. Fascist blackshirt squads carried on civil war with Socialists, Communists, Catholics, and Liberals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In October 1922 Mussolini secured permission from King Victor Emmanuel lll to form a coalition government. In 1925-26, after a lengthy crisis with the parliament following the killing of the Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti, he imposed a Totalarian Dictatorship. His Corperative State came to terms with Italian Capitalism but abolished the free trade unions. In 1929 he ended conflict with the church through the Lateran Treaty of 1929.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1930's Mussolini turned to an aggressive foreign policy, conquering Ethiopia(1935-36) and helping General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936 he joined with Hitler's Germany and soon formed a military alliance(1939). In 1939 Mussolini ordered his armies to occupy Albania. However he kept out of World War ll until 1940, when the fall of France was imminent and the Germans seemed to be winning the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a series of Italian military disasters in Greece and North Africa, the leaders of his party abandoned him. The king dismissed him on July 25,1943 and had him arrested. On September 12 the Germans rescued him, making him puppet head of a government in northern Italy. In April 1945 Mussolini and

Human Resource Management Essay

Acknowledgment First of all I am thankful to Almighty ALLAH, the Beneficent, the Merciful, for giving me so much strength and strength to work on this internship report and complete it successfully. I would like to express my gratefulness to all my teachers especially for giving me kind guidance and providing me a chance to work on this project right through from the start my courses. I am also thankful to all TEVTA Staff and training staff for his valuable suggestions, gentle supervision and encouragement throughout my internship. Along with all this I am very awful to the Human Resource Department of TEVTA and their cooperation during my stay in the organization. Especially I am thankful to those people of HRM Department who helped me in completing my Internship Report. VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN vi TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY vii Executive Summery TEVTA was formed by an Ordinance No XXIV of 1999 promulgated by Governor of the Punjab. Government of Punjab passed an ordinance to provide for the constitution of the Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (TEVTA) of the Punjab. The prime aim of TEVTA is to provide technically and skilled trained human resources to the Industry in the province, as per their demand. Another function of TEVTA is Develop and offer Need Based Short Courses in the sector of new technologies to the Industry and also to offer services for solutions regarding associated production problems and establish a Staff Development System to offer demand oriented teacher & instructor training and upgrading performance. TEVTA Regulate and develop standards of technical education and vocational training including internationally recognized curriculum, examination and  certification system and assess the Manpower Training Needs in the context of domestic and global markets. Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (TEVTA) was set up by Government of the Punjab for promoting & enhancing technical education & vocational training in the province. TEVTA is operating about 25 Technical institutes/colleges, 114 commerce colleges, 303 vocational institutes and 17 Service Centres total 472 Institutions for this purpose & more than 11000 Staff is working under its umbrella. TEVTA also providing Training to their employees and students all over the Punjab in various technical courses. There are two sub-departments of Human Resource Management department. One is Training Department and second one is Career Planning department. This report briefly discussing the functions of HR department in TEVTA. This report also including the suggestions and points out the area in improvements can be. In this report I briefly discussed the business sector of TEVTA organization, history of the organization, nature of the organization, service lines of TEVTA organization. I have also presented the organization hierarchy chart with details of each department and introduction, I have also given the comments on organization structure that what is the impact of organization hierarchy on different factors and I VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN vii TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY viii have also discussed the decision making impact, chain of command and span of control. I have also discussed the brief introduction of my department where I worked in and wrote the detailed description of operation and activities of the departments I worked in. Next I described HRM department hierarchy and its subdepartments. Next I explained the HR needs, sources of candidates, employment selection process, Training Need Assessment (TNA), Performance Appraisal, types of compensation and benefits, organization job changes, separations, layoff, labour management relations, terminations, resignation and retirement I have also discussed the promotion, transfer, demotion. After going through all these topics I have also included Critical Analysis and SWOT analysis of organization in the service sector. After that reader will find conclusion and recommendation for improvement of services. In this report I have explained all my observations and experience got in TEVTA during my internship tenure regarding HRD, recruitment and selectio n, performance appraisal. I go into the assignments with details given by the internship supervisors with detail of each assignment. I spent good time in learning and learnt to deal with different situations and had experience of organization environment. I would like to highlight that my experience with TEVTA organization was very memorable and full of learning’s. VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN viii TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY  ix Table of Contents S. No Description Introduction Of Technical Education Sector 8-Brief introduction of the organization’s business sector 9-Overview of TEVTA a. History b. Nature of TEVTA c. Business volume d. Product lines e. Competitors 10-Organizational Structure a. Organizational Hierarchy chart b. Number of employees c. Main offices d. Introduction of all departments e. Comments on the organizational structure 11-Plan Of Your Internship Program a. Introduction of TEVTA Secretariat Lahore b. Starting & ending dates of internship c. Description of the departments 12-Training Program a. Descriptions of the operations/activities of the departments b. Descriptions of the tasks assigned 13-Structure Of The HR Department a. Department hierarchy b. Number of employees c. Descriptions of Sub Departments. 14-Functions of HR Department a. Human resource planning and forecasting ? HRP process ? Forecasting HR requirements ? Methods to forecast HR needs b. Employees Recruitment & Selection ? Sources of candidates ? Employment selection process c. Training & Development ? Training need assessment ? Employee development Page No 1 3 4 4 4 9 10 13 13 14 22 24 25 25 26 28 36 36 36. 39 39 39 41 41 42 46 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN ix TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY x d. Performance Management ? Setting performance standards & expectations ? How performance reports are written e. Employee Compensation & Benefits ? Type of compensation & benefits f. Organizational Career Management ? Employee job changes ? Job changes with the organization ? Promotion ? Transfer ? Demotion ? Separations ? Layoff ? Termination ? Resignation ? Retirement g. Labor Management Relations 15-Critical Analysis a. Success and failure b. Future prospects 16-SWOT Analysis a. Strengths b. Weaknesses c. Opportunities d. Threats 17-Conclusion Evaluation & Assessment 18-Recommendations For Improvement Solution of Discrepancies 19-Reference & Sources Used 20-Annexes 46 47 56 57 57 57 57 58 59 59 60 60 61 62 65 66 67 68 68 67 70 71 72 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN x TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 1 8-Brief introduction of the organization’s business sector The nature of this organization is to develop a skilled workforce for the local industry. TEVTA develops the skilled and technically experienced workforce for local industries. TEVTA also provides business solutions to industrial units. TEVTA playing very important role for Re-engineering and consolidate the existing technical education and vocational training system under one management structure. TEVTA Established close relationships with various sectors of economy namely Agriculture, industry, Services and Commerce. TEVTA Regulate and develop standards of technical education and vocational training including internationally recognized curriculum, examination and certification system and assess the Manpower Training Needs in the context of domestic and global markets. Another function of TEVTA is Develop and offer Need Based Short Courses in the sector of new technologies to the Industry and also to offer services for solutions regarding associated production problems and establish a Staff Development System to offer demand oriented teacher & instructor training and upgrading performance. E D U C A T I O N & T R A I N I N G SE C T O R Labour Market Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech. ) Diploma of Associate Engineers (D. A. E. ) Technical Education M. Com. B. Com. D. Com & DBA Apprenticeship Training Certificate G-II & G-III Certificate. Vocational Diploma/ Certificate Commerce Education Vocational Training High School Middle School Primary School VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 1 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 2 TEVTA is engaged in imparting technical education and vocational training through its 472 institutions which fall under the below mentioned categories. ? ? ? ? ? ? Government Technical Training Centres Government Technical Training Institutes Government Vocational Training Institutes Government Commercial Training Institutes Government Polytechnic Institutes Government Colleges of Technology. TEVTA in service sector also providing technical solutions to the industry. It registers the organizations through website interface and provides the solution of their problems registered with TEVTA. Courses of different levels and of different duration are being offered in TEVTA institutions to address the public and employer’s demand. In addition to vocational / technical courses of up to 3 years. â€Å"Degree courses for B-Com, B-Tech (Pass) and B-Tech (Honour) are also offered in Government Colleges of Commerce and Government Colleges of Technology†. In education sector TEVTA provides the cheapest education and training to their students that low cost syllabus books and practical and in some cases TEVTA charge no fee from students, free training materials is provided by the institutions and students are supported with stipend. TEVTA in education sector providing technical, commerce and vocational training education and occupied the large part of technical education sector in Punjab. All institutes registered with TEVTA are funded by TEVTA. TEVTA approves PC-1 and issues the finance to the concerned institutes. TEVTA helps all registered institutes with procurement, purchasing machinery and construction of institute buildings. TEVTA is in direct relationship with industry sector, education sector, agriculture, commerce and service sector. TEVTA develops the curricula with the consultation of industry sector like leather, textile and agriculture. VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 2 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 3 9-Overview of the organization TEVTA is a Technical Education & Vocation Training Authority board who is responsible for the technical education & training throughout the Punjab. It is formed by an Ordinance No. XXIV of 1999 promulgated by the Governor of the Punjab to fulfil the needs, wants and workforce of local industry by utilizing the vast network of training institutions. a. History TEVTA in collaboration with Chambers of Commerce & Industry, Lahore has established its help-Desk within the premises of Chambers of Commerce & Industry, Lahore. To assist/help the local industry by utilizing its vast network of training institutions, qualified and experienced faculty, to achieve the objectives of the project. Before TEVTA many technical institutes were working independently or under PSIC (Punjab Small Industries & Export Corporation). PSIC was established by the government of Punjab to support, development and promotion of all small industrial units in Punjab. In 1999 PSIC handover many technical institutes to TEVTA authority. In 1999 TEVTA started work and start serving the all technical institutes in the Punjab and conduct first academic session in Punjab. In 1999 all technical institutes in Punjab started registration with TEVTA authority. The session was conducted of all technical institutes in 1999. The TEVTA board was fully functional at the end of year 1999 and all academic activities started under TEVTA board in 1999. Mission Statement To enhance global competitiveness in Punjab, through a quality and productive workforce by developing demand driven standardized, dynamic and integrated technical education and vocational training service. Service Volume TEVTA’s business volume is spread through out the Punjab serving 459 colleges. TEVTA has 17 Service Centres in all over the Punjab, providing services to all the institutes. And PBTE (Punjab Board of Technical Education) is also working under TEVTA. 45000 students enrol every year in TEVTA and PBTE. 3 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 4 b. Nature of TEVTA TEVTA is a vocational authority board who is responsible for vocation training all over the Punjab. For this purpose TEVTA board has established PBTE (Punjab Board of Technical Education). There are 472 vocational colleges who are working under TEVTA. TEVTA provides full funds and services to all registered institutes. And planning, organizing, leading and controlling all vocational institutes. The nature of this organization is to develop skilled workforce for the local and international industry. TEVTA also provides business solutions to industrial units. TEVTA playing very important role for Re-engineering and consolidate the existing technical education and vocational training system under one management structure. c. Service Lines TEVTA has a very long list of services providing. TEVTA offering many type of short and associate engineering courses in all o ver the Punjab. The list of TEVTA’s product line is given below. TEVTA providing Commerce Education, Training Education and vocation Education. d. Courses Offered Degree B. Tech Auto & Diesel Chemical Civil Mechanical Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Electrical Electronics Auto and Farm B. Tech (Hons) Auto & Diesel Electronics and Communication Chemical Civil Mechanical Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Electrical Auto & Diesel Electronics and Communication DAE Duration 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 4 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 5. Architecture Auto & Diesel Chemical Civil Mechanical Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Auto and Farm Automation Bio Medical Computer Information Technology Electrical Electronic Textile Weaving Technology Foundry & Pattern Making Instrumentation Printing & Graphic Arts Textile Spinning Welder Food Technology Telecom Petroleum Petrochemical Dress Designing & Making Diploma Diploma in Electronics Publishing Technology Higher National Diploma (Telecom) Higher National Diploma (Chemical) Higher National Diploma (Electronics) Higher National Diploma (Mechanical) Higher National Diploma (Textile). Diploma in Commerce Diploma in Information Technology Diploma in  Office Management Post Diploma Bio Medical Technology Environmental Control Technology Commerce Education Master Degree M. Com Graduation Degree B. Com Diploma (2 year) Diploma in Business Administration Diploma in Commerce Diploma in Information Technology 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years 1 year 2 Years 2 Years 2 Years 2 Years 2 Years 2 Years 1 year 1 year 1 Year 1 Year 2 Years 2 Years 2Years 2 Years 1 Year 5 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 6. Diploma in Vocational Girls Certificate Certificate in Computer Applications Certificate in Computer Applications Spoken English Spoken English Vocational Education Vocational Diploma (1-2 years) Diploma in Commerce Diploma in Information Technology Dress Designing & Making Diploma in Vocational Girls Diploma in Vocational Girls Diploma G-II (2 years) Diploma in Commerce Diploma in Information Technology Dress Designing & Making Diploma in Vocational Girls Diploma in Vocational Girls Diploma G-III (1 year) Mechanical (G-III) Refrigeration & Air Conditioning (G-III). Auto and Farm (G-III) Electrical (G-III) Electronics (G-III) Auto & Farm Machinery (G-III) Auto Electrician (G-III) Auto Mechanic(G Carpenter (G-III) Commercial Arts / Graphics (G-III) Computer and Electronics (G-III) Computer Operator (G-III) Draftsman Civil (G-III) Draftsman Mechanical(G Electrician (G-III) Fitter General (G-III) Industrial Electronics (G-III) Machinist (G-III) Mechanist (G-III) Painter (G-III) Electronics Application (Radio & TV) (G-III) Tractor and Auto Mechanic (G-III) Welder (G-III) Computer Hardware (G-III) General Mechanic (G-III). 2 Years 3 Months 6 Months 3 Months 4 Months 2 Years 1 Year 2-Year 2 Years 2 Years 2 Years 1 Year 2-Year G-II 2 Years 2 Years 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 6 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 7. Motor Winding (G-III) Tailoring (G-III) Wood Work (G-III) Auto Mechanic(Diesel (G-III) Auto Mechanic(Petrol) (G-III) Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVACR) (G-III) Turner (G-III) Electrical Wiring Technician (G-III) Machine Shop (G-III) Bulldozer Operator (G-III) Textile Printing (G-III) Office Secretary (G-III) Mill Wright (G-III) Sports Goods Leather Work (G-III) Sports Goods Wood (G-III) Office Management Assistant (G-III) Dress Designing & Making (G-III) Machine Embroidery (G-III) Beautician (G-III) Hair and skin Care (G-III) Fashion Designing (G-III). Certificate Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Auto and Farm Auto & Farm Machinery Auto Electrician Carpenter Computer Operator Computer Operator Electrician Machinist Mechanist Welder Driving Motor Winding Plumber Plumber Plumber Tailoring Tailoring Wood Work Auto Cad Auto Cad Auto Mechanic(Diesel) Auto Mechanic(Petrol) 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 3 12 6 3 6 6 3 6 6 6 7 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 8. Certificate in Computer Applications Certificate in Computer Applications Electronics Equipment Repair Home Appliances & Repair Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning Mason/Bricks Layer Tractor Operator Turner Electrical Wiring Technician Machine Shop Bulldozer Operator Sheet Metal Civil Surveyor Mobile Repairing Mobile Repairing Certificate in Computer Graphics Wireman Paint Polish Electrical Appliances Machine Process for Wood Furniture Motor Cycle Mechanic Dress Designing & Making Dress Designing & Making Hand Embroidery Hand Embroidery Knitting Hand Machine Embroidery Machine Embroidery Beautician Beautician Certificate Vocational Girls (1 Year Certificate). Diploma in Vocational Girls (Additional) (Diploma 1 Year) Handicraft Industrial Stitching Machine Operator Leather Work Painting Painting Rural Poultry Spoken English Spoken English Stain Glass Painting Cooking & Baking Domestic Tailoring Drawing & Designing Electrical Mechanical (Vocational ) 3 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 3 6 3 3 6 3 12 12 12 6 3 3 3 6 6 3 4 3 3 3 3 6 8 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 9. Diploma in Vocational Teacher Training (Diploma 1 Year) Decoration Printing English Language e. Competitors There is not any considerable competitor in Punjab Province. 12 3 3 3 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 9 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 10. 10-Organization Structure a. Organizational Hierarchy chart Organizational hierarchy is the formal framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped and coordinated. To achieve the main objective of the TEVTA structure is designed which is given asunder. Chairman TEVTA Secretary TEVTA Chairman PBTE COO Chairman TEVTA has the final authority in TEVTA to make amendments in TEVTA organization Structure. The Secretary TEVTA, COO (Chief Operating Officer) and the Chairman of PBTE (Punjab Board of Technical Education) is reported to Chairman TEVTA. Secretary TEVTA Manager P. Relations Manage HRM Manager Establishment Manager Inquiry Manager Legal All Managers of TEVTA, 1. Manager Public Relations (PR), 2. Manager Human Resource Management (HRM). 3. Manager Establishment, 4. Manager Inquiry and 5. Manager Legal matters are make reports to Secretary TEVTA. And all managers are also reported to their General Managers. COO TEVTA General Manager Finance General Manager SCs General Manager HRM General Manager Projects General Manager Operations General Manager Academic VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 10. TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 11 Chairman PBTE Trade Testing Board (Development Cell) General Manager Finance Manager Audit Manager Finance Manager MIS General Manager Human Resources Manager Career Planning Manager Training General Manager Projects Manager Works General Manager Operations Manager Planning Manager Operations-I Manager Operations-II Manager Monitoring Manager Technical General Manager Academics Manager AA Manager AT Manager Curriculum Manager R&D VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 11 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 12 General Manager Service Centres Manager Service Centres Organization Hierarchy Chart Organization Structure Of TEVTA. Chairman TEVTA BOARD Director (R&D) (D) Secretary/C. O. O. (A) District Boards of Management Chairman (PBTE) Manager PR (I) Manager Legal (C) Manager HRM (A) Manager Enquiry (S) Manager Estt (B) GM Finance (A) Manager (MIS) (M) GM (Projects) (N) Manager (Admin) (Z) Advisor (P&P) (G) GM Operations (A) GM Service Center (L) GM HRM (K) GM Academics (A) Dy. GM Finance (L) Dy. GM Service Centers (O) Manager Development (N) Manager Accounts (M) Manager Finance (A) Manager Works (N) Manager Projects (N) Manager Service Centers (F) Manager Training (A/R) Manager C625. 2areer Planning (P/R) Manager Ops. I (E) Manager Ops. II(E) Manager Tech. 3(E) Manager M&E (E) ZN-N (A).1 ZM-C (A) ZM-S (A) Manager (AA) (M) Manager Apprenticeship (J) Manager Curriculum (A) Manager (A&C) (K) 07 DMs 07 DMs 07 DMs (A) (A) (A) Principals Principals Principals VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 12 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 13 b. Number of Employees Civil Employees. TEVTA Secretariat Institutes Zonal Office DM Office RDAT Development Cell Total 155 7830 24 71 58 31 8169 TEVTA Employees. 308 3285 20 162 12 2 3789 PSIC 2 663 0 0 0 0 665 Total 465 11778 44 233 70 33 12623 Vacant 145 3183 21 87 20 11 3467 c Main Offices Sr# 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Offices Public Relation Office Gulberg Human Resource Management Office Gulberg Career Planning Office Gulberg Establishment Office Gulberg Operations Management Offices Gulberg Inquiry Office Gulberg Research and Development Office Gulberg Curriculum Office Gulberg Service Centers Office Gulberg Training Office Gulberg A&D Office Gulberg Academic Audit Office Gulberg Project Management Office Gulberg Administration Office Gulberg Examination and Certification Office Gulberg Govt. Institute of Leather Technology, Gujranwala. Cutlery & Small Tools Industry Service Centre, Wazirabad. Light Engineering Service Centre, Gujranwala. Institute of Ceramics, Gujrat. Wood Working Service Centre, Gujrat. Govt. Wool Spinning & Weaving Cum-Training Centre, Jhang Centre for Agricultural Machinery Industries, Govt. Weaving & Finishing Institute, Shahdara. Govt. Polytechnic Institute, Shahdara. Pak German Institute of Cooperative Agriculture, Multan Institute of Blue Pottery Development, Multan (Productive/Service Centre) 13 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 14 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Wood Work Centre, Kot Addu (Productive/Service Centre) Wood Working Service Centre, Rawalpindi Metal Industry Development Centre, Sialkot Cantt. Govt. Weaving & Finishing Centre Shahdara Knitwear Hosiery Centre, Faisalabad d. Introduction of All Departments Human Resource Management Department. The main function of Human Resource Management department is to recruitment, conducting staff training, handling pension cases, handling promotion cases, enquiry matters, service matters, amendments in service rules and union matters. Main functions of HRM department. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Employee’s performance evaluation Evaluation performance and improve organizational performance Job Evaluation Job analysis Develop job Descriptions/positions according to the organization needs. Staffing. Issuance of vacancies of civil employees. Employee’s promotions and transfers. Recruitment and selection of people. Record Maintenance. Training Department Training department is a sub department of Human Resources department. Training department is responsible for conducting training programs. Training department assess the weak areas of the organization’s employees and conduct the training program for them. If there is any development in TEVTA curriculum and sallybus then training department conduct the training program for teacher for effectiveness in studies. Main functions of Training Department. ? Study gap analysis. 14 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 15 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Trraining need assessment.. All skill up-gradation trainings. Pedagogy Trainigs. Matters relating with curriculum % manuals. Create training or development specification. Plan training and evaluation. Prepare Annual Training Plan/ Calendar. Finalization of Nominations, Venue & Master Trainer Monitoring of Training activity. Proposal of nominations after short listing. Forward Nominations to P&D. Preparation of cost / budget estimates & release of funds. At the end of training program conducting Feedback from students. Data entry in MIS. Career Planing Department Career planning department is working under Human Resource Management department. Career planning department is a new personnel function. Career planning department of TEVTA is focusing on to motivate their employees towards their jobs with high efficiently and effectiveness. Career planning department of TEVTA has deep focus on individual employee potentials for promotion towards the organization needs and opportunities. Career planning department also help and cooperate with all internees came in TEVTA. Main functions of Career planning department. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Guidance of students, internees, and organization employees. Developing of job specifications and job descriptions. Maintaining of some sort of HR records of employees. Conduct of workshops/seminars for Placement Officers. Placement of Internees under NIP. Leave Account Termination of contract VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 15 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 16 ? ? Control absenteeism Short leave and late Attendance Fianancial Management Financial Management department handles the all money & tax matters of and manages the financial resources of TEVTA and also leads the Administration department of TEVTA. Financial Management department performs the extensive responsibilities. Main function of Financial Management department ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Policy forming. Financial dicipline Financial analysis Tax matters Bugdeting Auiditing Internal Audit Physical Stocktaking Preparation of financial statements Sanctioning of Purchase Cases Release of Salary Development of Annual Budget and all procedures till approval Handling Financial Assistance Cases GPF Advance, Marriage, Funeral Grants Pension of PSIC Employees Release of LFA Administration Department Administration department perform all managerial functions. It handles three further departments, Diary and Dispatch department, Transport department, store department and to carry out any kind of security arrangements. Functions of Administration department ? Recruitment of contract employees in TEVTA secretariat and institutes all over the Punjab. VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 16. TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 17 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Maintenance of time in / time out register. Number of approval for local vehicles Record keeping of diary and dispatch, LFA, store section and transport section. Tenders open in the presence of purchase committee and the Bidders Examining demand & preparing advertisement Submitting advertisement to Public Relation section Request for interview schedule to Appointing authority Short listing of candidates Call letters are issued Preparation of Marks Sheets/Files Consolidated marks sheet for signatures Establishment Department Functions of Establishment department ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Examination & Give proposal Final shaping of the Case for getting Approval of the Competent Authority Preparing summary For S&GAD / Finance etc Issuance of NOC to the nominee Decision / Minutes are put up for approval of authority to convey for implementation Coordinate meeting Receiving Complaints Preparing the case for probe / inquiry Amendments in service rules of TEVTA Postings and transfers House building advances Matters relating to PBTE. Managing all kind of leaves such as, medical leave, earned leave, study leave, extra ordinary leave. ? ? ? Deputation of cases. Marriage grants and funeral grants. Finance assistance cases. VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 17 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 18 ? ? To deal with Chief Minister’s complaint cell. Governments Circulars and Notifications. Legal Department Legal department is responsible for preparation of cases and proposals on TEVTA activities to help TEVTA to avoid from legislations. Finalize the parawise comments and submit to the competent authority, get signed the parawise comments from the Authority, present the rough draft of parawise comments, file the parawise comments in the Court, attend the Court on each date of hearing & present/explain the case if necessary, put up the court order to the authority for implementation, attend the Court on each date of hearing and present/explain the in the Court and to provide legal opinions to TEVTA authorities. Enquiry Department Enquiry department is responsible of conducting enquiry of inefficiencies, misconduct, corruption, absence record of teacher and employees all over the Punjab, subversive activities and disciplinary actions. They investigate the activities/cases against the state in TEVTA institutions and all district managers and zonal managers. The competent authority of Enquiry department is secretary TEVTA. Enquiry department receive the cases of enquiry from grade 17 scale officers to 22 grade scale officers from all over the Punjab. Functions of inquiry department is to generate enquiry report, conducting enquiry of absence, corruption, misconduct, inefficiencies and activities against state matters, prepare the charge sheet / penal of enquiry officers / departmental representative. Research and Development Department Research and development department is responsible for overall development of TEVTA and its institutions, exercise market research, training need assessment and to coordinate with curriculum department for in development of curricula. Research and Development have to identify new trades and technologies in the market and TEVTA intuitions all over the Punjab. Functions of research and development department, approval of action plans industry visits, meetings with the stakeholders, review of draft TNA report, preparation of organization plans, coordinate with curriculum department and keep on eye on VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 18 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY. 19  changes & development in sallybus, to plan, supervise and coordinate research and development activities in Punjab and to identify technologies trades at new intuitions Curriculum Department The responsibility of Curriculum development is to develop the curricula of TEVTA institutions. They develop the curricula of 3 year DAE classes, B. Tech classes, 1 year, 6 months and 3 months courses. But they have they authority of authentication the curricula of courses below the period of 3 years. 3 years a curriculum is approved by the NEVTEC the higher authority of TEVTA. Curriculum department evaluates revision and develop the curricula. Functions of Curriculum department ? Proposal for curricula development committee, curricula revision committee and curricula evaluation committee. ? ? ? Scrutiny of Proposal Approval of CDC/CRC/CEC Proposal for manual development committee.